Abstract:   This article explores the history of the emergence, development and current state of the discourse dedicated to the “Asian question” in Kenya. The emphasis is placed on active participation of the immigrants from British India in many key spheres of Kenyan society – business, public service, medicine, publishing industry, and anticolonial movement. Special attention is given to examination of the “Indian question” in the colonial era of Kenyan history as one of the crucial factors of the emergence of the ”Asian question” during the period of independence of the country. Assessment is conducted on the current status of South Asian diaspora in Kenya. Research methodology leans on the comparative-historical and civilizational approaches. In the 1960s –1970s, the Kenyan government pursued the policy of “Africanization” aimed at excluding Indians and their descendants from the economic and social sphere of the country. This approach induced mass emigration of the Indian population from Kenya to the United Kingdom and other Western countries. The “Asian question” has become a peculiar response of the Kenyan society to socioeconomic and financial problems of the 1980s – 1990s, an attempt to find positive aspects in the activity of South Asian capital in history of the country. Despite the challenging interethnic situation, the immigrants from South Asia have formed an ethnic community in Kenya and maintain close ties with the Indian diaspora abroad.  

Keywords: identity, United Kingdom, diaspora, East Africa, colonialism, migration, India, Kenya, integration, community

Abstract: This article examines the relevant topic of Germany-Russia relations. The goal is set to analyze the German perception of these relations through the prism of specific German national identity. The key task lies in studying the German identity and its reflection in foreign policy of the Federal Republic of Germany with regards to the Russian Federation. The author believes that German identity is a crucial factor in the formation of foreign policy course alongside the establishment of advantageous business ties. The article covers the main characteristics and problems of German national identity since 1990, which allows tracing the evolution of Germany-Russia relations. Special attention is given to the characteristic features of German identity that have formed prior to the German reunification, but their fundamental traits remain essential for studying German identity. Leaning on the scientific research of the prominent specialists in German Studies, the author highlights not only the basic, but also complementary features of the modern German identity, and outlines the landmark events that currently acquire special resonance in German society. The author also traces the evolution of Germany-Russia relations, placing emphasis on the aspects that are of particular importance for the economic and ideological interests of the Russian Federation. The conclusion is made on unfeasibility of continuing the dialogue between Germany and Russia due to the fact that the Federal Republic of Germany is a full-fledged member of the European Union and no longer intends to implement solely national foreign policy.

Keywords: Russian Federation, german-russian relations, identification, nation, german identity, national identity, Federal Republic of Germany, European Union, Reunification of Germany, hybrid warfare

Abstract: The object of this research is the sustainable development of the Canadian Arctic. The subject of this research is the interaction between the government and the indigenous population of Canada in relation to the development of social infrastructure of the Arctic region and protection of the interests of northerners living in this territory. The goal lies in determination of common ground between the indigenous population of Canada and the governing administration of the country through consideration of the official state documents that establish the rights and freedoms of the indigenous people and their role in the formation of the Arctic agenda. The analysis of correspondence of the government objectives towards the indigenous peoples with the process of their implementation in modern reality draws particular interest. The acquired results lie in the analysis of planning policy of Canada and examination of the practical activity of the state pertinent to the development of the Arctic and its population. The author’s special contribution lies in the universal approach towards consideration of the sociopolitical component of purposeful transformation of the Arctic into the region with exceptional prospects for the future fundamental changes in the public sphere, as well as global cooperation within the framework of the activity of international organizations that regulate relations in the Arctic not only through the official representatives of the Canadian State, but also through the delegates of indigenous peoples who defend their own rights and freedoms on the international level.

Keywords: foreign policy, rights and freedoms, international cooperation, indigenous people, North, Canada, Arctic, domestic policy, security, sovereignty

Abstract: The subject of the study is the analysis of the results of Donald Trump's tenure as president in the period from 2017 to 2020. The object of the study is the crisis of the political system and its impact on the domestic policy of President Donald Trump in the period from 2017 to 2020. The main purpose of the work is to study the activities of the non-systemic President of the United States of America Donald Trump in the period 2017-2020 to analyze the beginning of the deepening crisis of the American political system. In this work, the author used such methods as analysis, synthesis of information from documents, methods of generalization and construction of analogies to formulate conclusions, general scientific methods of induction and deduction, problem-chronological and comparative-historical methods. В  The scientific novelty of this study is due to a new source base. Firstly, the research paper shows more fully than in other works of Russian authors the factors that led the United States of America to the beginning of a deep crisis of the American political system. Secondly, for the first time, a qualitative analysis of Donald Trump's populist views was carried out. Thirdly, on the basis of the studied material, an independent forecast of the prospects for the re-election of Donald Trump for a second presidential term has been compiled. The results of the conducted research prove that: to date, no alternative way out of the crisis state of the political system has been found. On the basis of an independent study, the factors that influenced the deepening of the crisis of the US political system have been identified. The deepening of the crisis of the American political system was caused by intraparty division based on the ideological polarity of the Democratic and Republican parties, the populist position of Donald Trump expressed in the growing authoritarianism of the presidential power, the free internal political will of the president-elect, the inability of the president-elect to find optimal political mechanisms for solving domestic and foreign policy issues.

Keywords: populism, crisis of the political system, internal party division, Democratic Party, Republican Party, democracy, Donald Trump, United States of America, non-system president, the deep state

Abstract: Subject of the study: the soft power of the United States in relation to the French Republic.The object of the study is the US-EU relations during the presidency of Donald Trump.For this study, the most relevant research methods are the retrospective method, which allows us to assess the changes that have occurred in D. Trump's foreign policy course towards Europe after his inauguration. Taking into account that the work focuses on the content of cultural, educational and other American programs implemented in Europe on the example of the French Republic, the method of content analysis was used. Among other things, a systematic approach was used in conducting research. The presidency of Donald Trump really had an ambiguous, in some aspects destructive effect on the development of a "soft-power" vector in American foreign policy. Despite the fact that, de jure, the US military departments called in the documentation for the leading role of the European Union in ensuring global security and maintaining NATO's activities, de facto, Trump's rhetoric undermined the traditionally friendly attitude of Europeans towards the United States. Since the perception of "attractiveness" is a key element of "soft-power" influence, the results of this study give grounds for the following conclusions. In the period from 2016 to 2021, American influence on Europe was weakened not only by provocative statements and actions regarding NATO funding, contradictions on trade and economic agreements and problems with the Paris Climate Agreement, but also by the elaboration of the cultural and educational vector of foreign policy. Thus, by 2021, the United States had a weakened influence on the French Republic, which allowed the French side to strengthen its influence on American students and strengthen its own position in the American intellectual and managerial environment. The novelty of the study: US foreign policy is studied from the position of soft-power influence on France in the context of intra-bloc interaction in NATO.

Keywords: USA, ES, France, Donald Trump, State Department, education, foreign policy, culture, soft power, students

Abstract: Energy resources are becoming an increasingly politicized commodity, which at the same time retains special technical and economic characteristics, which complicates the work of the foreign policy leadership. The authors, using a comparative method, conduct a study of the relationship between energy and foreign policy in the EU and the USA through the prism of different cognitive structures used by subjects to assess the landscape of global energy. On this conceptual basis, the authors explore the evolution of the relationship between energy and foreign policy in the EU and the United States: to what extent energy is a useful tool of foreign policy, and, conversely, how deeply the goals of energy policy are embedded in foreign policy. By making such a comparison, the authors identify differences and potential similarities between the EU and the US in this area. Thus, comparing the approaches of the USA and the EU, one can see a tendency towards their convergence. Despite the significant difference in the energy landscape of the EU and the United States, Brussels and Washington agreed that they included a common vision of the global energy architecture in their foreign policy. The use of energy as a political tool, at least in rhetoric, was condemned by both sides. Nevertheless, at the national level, energy issues in the EU are often determined by the foreign policy considerations of a particular country. It is also worth remembering that LNG exports from the United States to Europe are considered to a certain extent as a means of increasing competition for Russian natural gas, as a way to provide US allies with an alternative and help them reduce dependence on Russia, sometimes even as an energy weapon, but in any case as a very effective foreign policy tool.

Keywords: international security, international relations, U.S. energy policy, energy security, EU energy policy, foreign policy, energy independence, analysis of problem areas, foreign policy analysis, energy factor