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DOI: 10.25136/2409-8698.2023.5.40692
EDN: GRWYKC
Received:
09-05-2023
Published:
06-06-2023
Abstract:
This article is devoted to the process of grammaticalization in Russian on the example of the transition of the verbal unit «èñõîäÿ èç» into the prepositional one. Object of study is grammaticalization, due to which there is a transition from content words to function, the subject – the units that are grammaticalized and have a frontier status between content and functional units. The study focuses on combinability because only in the context the meaning and function of a unit is determined, the level of its grammaticalization is reflected and new features of lexical units are denoted. At present considerable attention is paid to derivative nominative prepositional neologisms. In the last two decades, a large number of studies have appeared which consider both single prepositional units and groups of units. A number of works are devoted to the description of nominative prepositions. At the same time, verbal prepositional neologisms have been neglected. The present paper is devoted to the description of the verbal relative «èñõîäÿ èç», the semantic and syntactic features of which have not been described in detail - this is the originality of the research. The study uses quantitative and descriptive methods of linguistic analysis. In the article lexico-semantic classification of verbs, which take position of the left component (main) in the combinations with the studied preposition, classification of nouns, which take position of the right component (dependent), as well as lexico-semantic correlation of components are given.
Keywords:
verbal relative, derived preposition, prepositional unit, function words, content words, left position component, right position component, lexical-semantic classification, grammaticalization, combinability
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In modern Russian, there is a change in the composition of service units due to the process of grammaticalization. Grammaticalization refers to the transition of units from independent parts of speech to official ones. The question of the attribution of units of varying degrees of grammaticalization to a number of prepositions remains debatable. Vsevolodova proposed the idea of a functional-grammatical field of a preposition, which allows combining both the prepositions themselves and those units that are in the process of grammaticalization [3, p. 11]. In the core of this field there are non–derivative prepositions, on the periphery there are units that function as prepositions in certain contexts. As E. N. Vinogradova notes, "the process of transition of nouns into prepositions is, on the one hand, word–by-word, and on the other hand, it is a continuum in which it is difficult to draw clear boundaries and unambiguously determine the final "transformation" of a construction into a preposition as part of speech" [2, p. 238]. In the chapter "On the grammar of secondary prepositions" in the dictionary of M. V. Cheslav Lyakhur. Vsevolodova also includes prepositions proper into the core of the preposition field, and refers to the periphery the equivalents of prepositions, which are represented by "analogs of prepositions – word forms of other parts of speech that can pass and are sometimes already perceived by the authors of the most authoritative grammars and dictionaries as prepositions."..> and correlates of prepositions – word forms that perform the functions of a preposition under certain conditions without leaving their part of speech" [13, p. 13]. The lexical meaning of the units of the periphery of the functional-grammatical field of the preposition, as E. S. Sheremetyeva notes, "does not reveal such a degree of abstraction that the new service word is completely separated from the name that gave it birth," however, these units "formalize and qualify the relations between parts of syntactic structures," thus showing their service properties [11, p. 4]. Within the framework of the study, we consider units that function as prepositions and form a continuum, heterogeneous in the degree of grammaticalization [1, p. 38]. The prepositional unit "proceeding from" is included in this continuum. As E. T. Cherkasova notes, when full-meaning words are converted into prepositions, they lose their own categorical meaning and acquire the categorical meaning of connecting words, i.e. the meaning of relevance [9, p. 12]. Following E. S. Sheremetyeva, we use the term "verbal relativ", in which "relativ" indicates the design of relations between parts of syntactic structures and "allows us to cover both facts that fit the definition of "derived preposition" and facts that do not quite fit this definition and are referred to as "prepositional neoplasm" [10, p. 213-214], and "verbal" indicates the generating base – a special form of the verb (adverbial) with a preposition. When deciding on the meaning and function of a verbal relativ, the context is taken into account. Attention to the compatibility of derived prepositions is explained by the fact that it can largely reflect the degree of grammaticalization of the derived unit. Lexical units, undergoing grammaticalization, lose some semantic, morphosyntactic and phonetic properties, but acquire other properties in new contexts. Context is a decisive factor in the formation of the structure of grammatical forms – to the extent that they can express meanings that cannot be immediately derived from their original forms [12, p. 2]. The article presents the lexico-semantic classification of verbs that occupy the position of the main word in combination with the preposition – the left component, the classification of nouns that occupy the position of the dependent word – the right component, as well as the lexico-semantic relationship of the left and right components. Below is a generalized classification of the right (dependent) component in the construction with the relativ ""based on"". We will compare it with the classification of the left (main) component. Within the classification of the right (dependent) component, 6 groups were identified: 1. Nouns related to human mental activity (experience, understanding, representation, consideration, knowledge, thought, intent, idea, goal, etc.). 2. Nouns are nominations of various kinds of relations revealed as a result of mental activity (relation, relation, motive, basis, premise (logical), premise, reason, condition, etc.). 3. Nouns denoting concepts related to the order, norm, structure of the surrounding world (law, legislation, letter of the law, declaration, discipline (parties), document, code, norm, covenant, etc.). 4. Nouns naming parameters and characteristics (magnitude, age, height, date, value, solvency, affiliation, involvement, duration, workload, pollution, etc.). 5. Nouns are generalized names of situations, situations and facts of reality (situation, circumstance, situation, event. status, situation (current circumstances), information, data, information, fact, etc. 6. Nouns are nominations of phenomena related to human values and their criteria (interest, need, preference, priority).
The following is a classification of the left (main) component, it notes the correspondences between the groups in the classifications of the left and right components. According to the definition in the Explanatory Dictionary of the Russian language, "proceeding from" is used when indicating a circumstance, the consideration of which determines the nature of the action, acts as a defining guideline for the action [4, p. 147]. The position of such an action is called the position of the left component of the prepositional structure. The left component is "a component unmarked by a preposition, located in an ideal linear sequence to the left of the preposition, but not necessarily standing in the left position as part of a particular utterance; formally the main one" [7, p. 78]. The classification was compiled using the data of the "Russian Semantic Dictionary" by N. Yu. Shvedova [5]. The groups in the classification of the left (main) component are arranged by the number of verbs included in them from greater to lesser, within each group words are ranked by frequency of use in the contexts of the National Corpus of the Russian language, taking into account the postposition of the verbal relativ. Lexical meanings of verbs are taken from the Russian semantic dictionary of N. Yu. Shvedova [5] and the Dictionary of the Russian Language, edited by A. P. Evgenieva [6]. The data are presented in the form of tables in which there is information about the left component (the five most frequent verbs of each group), its meaning, the number of uses and examples of nouns acting as the right (dependent) component with the specified number of one of the six semantic groups of the above classification of the right component. 1) The first group (18 units) consists of verbs indicating intellectual activity ("Thought. Imagination. Doubt. Judgment" [5, pp. 232-240]). Verbs denoting mental operations based on information entered by the relativ "proceeding from": evaluate/perform an assessment, count ('think'), expect, judge, think, assume/make an assumption, think, look, conclude, reason, deduce, prove, criticize, interpret, care, make a conclusion, to question. The most frequent verbs in this group are to evaluate, to count (‘to think'), to expect, to judge, to think. Table 1 The meaning and number of uses of frequency verbs of the group "Intellectual activity" in correlation with the right component | The left component | The value of the left component | Number of uses | The right component | | Estimate | ‘to establish the quality of someone-something, the degree, the level of something.’ | More than 90 times | 1) Experience, forecast, assumption, 2) condition, comparison, package, 3) standard, plan, law, 4) number, height, cost, 5) fact, situation, circumstance, 6) interest, preference, need. | | Count | ‘to do what-n. conclusion about someone-what-n., to recognize, to believe’ |
More than 50 times | | Expect | ‘assume that something-n. will happen, will happen, and also generally assume, count’ | More than 40 times | | Judge | ‘to compose, to express some-n. opinion, judgment’ | More than 40 times | | Think | (1) ‘to direct thoughts to someone-that-n.’, (2) ‘to believe, to stick to some-n. opinions’ | More than 30 times | Example: At the same time, the expert considers even such a price too high, based on the purchasing power in the regions. [lenta.ru]. In this context, the right component is the nomination of a parametric characteristic. Due to the fact that the verbs of this group are associated with mental activity, which involves subjecting any phenomena and facts of the surrounding reality to comprehension, they are combined with nouns of all groups of the right component. 2) The second group (17 units) includes creative activity nominations ("Creation, execution. Preparation" [5, pp. 159-161]). Verbs denoting the creation and preparation of something based on the data entered by the relativ "proceeding from": build, make, compose, form, develop, create, prepare, organize, design, modify, invent, model, design, compose, publish, write ('compose a work'), put. The most frequent verbs in this group are to build, to make, to compose, to form, to develop. Table 2 The meaning and number of uses of frequency verbs of the group "Creative activity" in correlation with the right component | The left component | The value of the left component | Number of uses |
The right component | | Build | ‘erect, create some kind of construction, building, as well as construction, machine’, ‘to create, create, organize’ | More than 260 times | 1) Understanding, representation, experience, 2) premise, relation, relation, 3) amendment, document, code, 4) value, duration, height, 5) situation, situation, situation, 6) priority, preference, interest. | | To do | ‘to work, creating something. with their own hands, as well as generally produce some kind of product’ | More than 230 times | | Form | ‘by collecting, combining, combining something, to form something whole’ | More than 120 times | | Form | ‘to create, giving a certain form, completeness’ | More than 90 times | | Develop | ‘thoroughly, comprehensively investigate, prepare, process in all details’ | More than 60 times |
Example: At the same time, in the conclusion of the commission there is a thoughtful phrase that the authorities should form their budgets based on "objectively necessary needs". ["Gazeta"]. The function of the right component in this context is a noun that names a phenomenon associated with human values. Verbs of this group are also combined with nouns of all the semantic groups of the right component that we have identified – creative activity can be carried out on the basis of all phenomena called nouns – the left component. 3) The third group (16 units) consists of verbs indicating the transmission of a message, the exchange of information ("Information, transmission, receipt of a message. Information exchange", [5, pp. 458-537]). Verbs indicating communication taking into account the information introduced by the relativ "proceeding from". offer, speak, explain, name, answer/build an answer, write, make a report, justify, advise, state, ask/ask a question/pose a question, state, approve, mark, confirm, pronounce. The most frequent verbs in this group are offer, speak, explain, name, answer/build an answer. Table 3 The meaning and number of uses of frequency verbs of the group "Message transmission, information exchange" in correlation with the right component | The left component | The value of the left component | Number of uses | The right component | | Suggest | ‘to express a thought about something-n. as possible; submit for discussion as possible’ | More than 90 times | 1) Opinion, assumption, logic, 2) reason, relation, premise, 3) requirement, law, document, 4) volume, size, cost, 5) situation, data, situation, 6) love, interest, interest. | | Talk | ‘verbally express thoughts, communicate’ | More than 70 times | | To explain |
‘explain to someone-n. or make sense for yourself, make it clear, understandable’ | More than 50 times | | To name | ‘define, characterize’ | More than 30 times | | To answer | ‘give an answer, respond’ | More than 20 times | Example: I spoke out of my love for the authentic language, whatever it may be <...>. [S. Yesin]. The role of the right component in this context is a noun that names a concept related to human values. Verbs of this group are also combined with nouns of all the semantic groups of the right component that we have identified, due to the fact that verbs of speech are inextricably linked with verbs naming mental processes and verbalize cognitive activity, which tends to cover all spheres of reality. 4) The fourth group (15 units) consists of verbs calling cognition, study, comprehension of reality ("Cognition. Awareness", [5, pp. 240-246]). Verbs denoting the perception and comprehension of actions, facts, phenomena, taking into account the information introduced by the relativ "proceeding from": to consider, understand, analyze, know, learn, study, see, find an explanation, read, feel, realize, feel, comprehend, cognize, comprehend. The most frequent verbs in this group are to consider, understand, analyze, know, learn. Table 4 The meaning and number of uses of frequency verbs of the group "Cognition, study, comprehension of reality" in correlation with the right component | The left component | The value of the left component | Number of uses | The right component | | To consider |
‘dig in, sort out, discuss’ | More than 40 times | 1) Concept, theory, assumption, 2) attitude, basis, reason, 3) principle, requirement, rule, 4) parameter, percentage, scale, 5) position, information, fact, 6) no. | | Understand | ‘to understand the meaning of something, the meaning of someone's. words, actions’, ‘to know, to comprehend’ | More than 25 times | | Analyse | ‘to know the true essence of something, relying on the method of scientific research, consisting in the dismemberment of the whole into its constituent elements’ | More than 20 times | | To know | ‘to have information about someone-than-n.’, ‘to have some?n. knowledge, to have about someone-what-n. concept, representation’ | More than 10 times | | To study | ‘comprehending something, acquiring (acquiring) theoretical knowledge and practical skills, the ability to do something independently or under the guidance of a teacher; syn. to study, to study’ [Babenko, 1999, p. 572] | More than 10 times | Example: Consider the "principles of the builder of communism" based on the relationship of goals and norms <...>. [N. L. Zakharov]. In this context, the right component is the nomination of some relationships that are revealed as a result of studying and understanding reality. The Corpus does not contain examples of the compatibility of verbs naming concepts related to meaningfulness, awareness, and noun–nominations of phenomena related to human values and their criteria. This may be due to the fact that human values and their criteria are more difficult to study meaningfully than other concepts presented in the classification of the right component.
5) The fifth group (14 units) consists of verbs denoting concepts related to decision–making, demand, choice - the manifestation of the will of the subject in interaction with the environment ("Will. Requirement", [5, pp. 294-309]). Verbs naming actions for control, influence, decision based on the guideline introduced by the relativ "proceeding from": choose/make a choice, make a decision/decide, establish, vote, approve, appoint, support, define ('establish, appoint'), prohibit, pass a law, recover, decree, prescribe, defend. The most frequent verbs in this group are to choose /make a choice, make a decision /decide, establish, vote, approve. Table 5 The meaning and number of uses of frequency verbs of the "Decision-making" group in correlation with the right component | The left component | The value of the left component | Number of uses | The right component | | Choose | ‘to take, to select, to determine for yourself what you need, what you prefer’ | More than 300 times | 1) hypothesis, forecast, idea, 2) condition, relation, motive, 3) requirement, principle, position, 4) value, characteristic, duration, 5) data, situation, position, 6) preference, need, love. | | Solve | ‘having thought it over, come to some n. to the conclusion, to the necessity of any actions’, ‘to make a final conclusion, conclusion; to make a decision about something.’ | More than 280 times | | Install | ‘assign, approve, put into effect’ | More than 150 times |
| Vote | ‘to cast a vote’, where a vote is ‘the right to express one's opinion in solving state and public issues, as well as such an expressed opinion itself’ | More than 30 times | | Approve | ‘to officially make a final decision, to recognize it as finally established’ | More than 20 times | Example: And I will speak and vote based on political considerations, and not on personal ones, especially career ones." [A. Mikoyan]. Here the right component is the nomination of the process of mental reality. Based on the information about compatibility according to the Corpus, verbs naming actions for control, influence, decision-making can be combined with nouns of all groups of the right component as part of a construction with "proceeding from". This is due to the fact that decision–making can be based on various data called nouns - the right component, there are no restrictions in use. 6) The sixth group (12 units) consists of verbs that call the systematization of facts of reality ("Grouping. Regulation. Ordering", [5, pp. 170-171]). Verbs denoting consideration and ordering, bringing facts and phenomena of reality to the norm, taking into account the information introduced by the relativ "proceeding from": plan, distribute, correct, organize, regulate ('arrange, adjust'), regulate ('arrange'), designate, highlight, classify, correct, arrange, edit. The most frequent verbs in this group are the verbs plan, distribute, adjust, organize, regulate (‘arrange, adjust’). Table 6 The meaning and number of uses of frequency verbs of the group "Systematization of facts of reality" in correlation with the right component | The left component | The value of the left component | Number of uses | The right component | | To plan | ‘arrange, arrange in accordance with a pre-planned system of actions, providing for the order, sequence and deadlines’ |
More than 100 times | 1) forecast, presentation, 2) no, 3) law, order, principle, 4) volume, index, power, 5) data, situation, 6) priority, need, interest. | | To distribute | ‘split between someone-n. on certain parts’ | More than 40 times | | Adjust | ‘make adjustments, corrections, amendments to something.’ | More than 30 times | | Arrange | ‘arrange’ | More than 20 times | | Adjust | ‘organize, adjust’ | More than 10 times | Example: We are already planning the summer schedule based on the abolition of quotas. ["Bulletin of Aviation and Cosmonautics"]. The right component in this context is the nomination of the current state of affairs in the financial sphere. In the Corpus, there were no uses of verbs of this group with nouns naming various kinds of relationships revealed as a result of human mental activity. This is probably due to the semantics of the left and right components: the left component is associated with the systematization of the facts of reality, and the right, on the contrary, refers to abstract logical relationships. 7) The seventh group (12 units) consists of verbs indicating the transformation of objects ("Actually change, increase or decrease", [5, pp. 161-166]).
Verbs denoting actions to transform and reorganize the existing state of things based on the data entered by the relativ "proceeding from": change, develop, move ('change your state'), increase, limit ('make smaller in size, quantity, time, coverage'), reduce, increase, rebuild, improve, modernize, modify, redo. The most frequent verbs in this group are to change, develop, go (‘change your state’), increase, limit (‘make smaller in size, quantity, time, coverage’). Table 7 The meaning and number of uses of frequency verbs of the group "Transformation of objects" in correlation with the right component | The left component | The value of the left component | Number of uses | The right component | | Change | ‘to make different, to change’, ‘to replace one with another, to take one instead of the other’ | More than 50 times | 1) understanding, motivation, research, 2) no, 3) principle, plan, requirement, 4) value, parameter, amount, 5) situation, situation, fact, 6) interest, need, preference. | | Develop | ‘bring to a certain degree of strength, power, perfection, raise the level of something.’ | More than 30 times | | Go over | ‘change your condition, place of residence, field of activity’ | More than 20 times | |
Increase | ‘make more in size, size, quantity, weight, time, intensity, coverage’ | More than 20 times | | Limit | ‘make it smaller in size, quantity, time, coverage’ | More than 10 times | Example: The Bank of Russia has switched to a policy of daily determining the parameters of currency interventions based on the current situation. ["Expert"]. In this context, a verb with transformation semantics is combined with a noun naming the current state of affairs. There are no uses of verbs of this group with nouns naming various kinds of relationships revealed as a result of human mental activity. Perhaps, just as in the case of the previous group, this is due to the semantics of the left and right components: the left component is associated with some transformation of objects of reality, with something concrete, and the right, on the contrary, has a very abstract meaning, indicates logical relationships. 8) The eighth group (10 units) consists of verbs denoting measurement, calculation, determination of the characteristics of phenomena ("Measurement, correlation. Account, weight", [5, pp. 187-191]). Verbs indicating the determination of parametric characteristics, taking into account the information entered by the relativ "based on": to make a calculation /make a calculation / calculate, determine, make a forecast / predict, predict, calculate, find, calculate, calculate, calculate, solve ('find the answer to the problem, the desired numbers and functions'). The most frequent verbs in this group are to make a calculation / make a calculation / calculate, determine, make a forecast / predict, predict, calculate. Table 8 The meaning and number of uses of frequency verbs of the group "Measurement, calculation" in correlation with the right component | The left component | The value of the left component | Number of uses | The right component | | Calculate | ‘to make a calculation, the calculation of which is L.’ | More than 470 times |
1) understanding, assumption, hypothesis, 2) condition, ratio, package, 3) standard, declaration, rule, 4) mass, distance, cost, 5) position, fact, situation, 6) priority, need, interest. | | Identify | ‘find out exactly, install’ | More than 100 times | | Predict | ‘set a forecast’, where the forecast is a prediction, a judgment about the further course, development of something.’ | More than 30 times | | Predict | ‘to say in advance what will happen in the future’ | More than 20 times | | Calculate | ‘calculate, calculate’ | More than 20 times | Example: The amount of payment for the services of expert organizations will be calculated based on the amount of remuneration for each expert and their number. [Parliamentary Newspaper]. The right component in this context is the nomination of parametric characteristics in the field of finance. The verbs of the counting group are not combined with nouns that name a person's values and their criteria. This is probably due to the semantics of the account group – some exact calculation, measurement is assumed, and the semantics of the human values group is something abstract, unrelated to the possibility of accurate measurement. And nouns naming parameters and characteristics are actively combined with counting verbs due to the common semantics. These combinations are presented extensively in the case.
All the identified semantic groups are associated with different aspects of intellectual activity: mental operations, creating something new, communicating or receiving information, studying and comprehending reality, expressing the will of the subject, ordering, transforming and changing the phenomena of reality. The relativ "proceeding from" forms logical relations in a sentence. This is explained by the lexical meaning of the generating verb to proceed – ‘to base on something, to take something as a basis’ [6, p. 694], which indicates the process of understanding the phenomena of reality. The right component – that is, the dependent component – is mostly represented by abstract vocabulary, and a small amount of concrete vocabulary names concepts that are subject to human comprehension. The obstacles to the compatibility of verbs with nouns of the groups we have identified are the semantics of the left and right components in the construction with "proceeding from".
References
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The article "Compatibility of verbal relativism" submitted for consideration based on ": left and right components", proposed for publication in the journal "Litera", is undoubtedly relevant, due to the fact that in modern Russian there is a change in the composition of service units due to the process of grammaticalization. In addition, the question of the attribution of units of varying degrees of grammaticalization to a number of prepositions remains debatable. Despite a certain amount of research in this area, there are still not fully understood points in this theory. The article presents the lexical and semantic classification of verbs that occupy the position of the main word in combination with the preposition – the left component, the classification of nouns that occupy the position of the dependent word – the right component, as well as the lexical and semantic relationship of the left and right components. In the framework of the study, the author considers units that function as prepositions and form a continuum, heterogeneous in degree of grammaticalization, which includes the prepositional unit "based on". The article is groundbreaking, one of the first in Russian linguistics devoted to the study of such topics in the 21st century. The article presents a research methodology, the choice of which is quite adequate to the goals and objectives of the work. The author turns, among other things, to various methods to confirm the hypothesis put forward. The following research methods are used: logical-semantic analysis, hermeneutical and comparative methods, as well as observation, description, and discursive analysis. This work was done professionally, in compliance with the basic canons of scientific research. The research was carried out in line with modern scientific approaches, the work consists of an introduction containing the formulation of the problem, the main part, traditionally beginning with a review of theoretical sources and scientific directions, a research and a final one, which presents the conclusions obtained by the author. The theoretical positions are illustrated by text material. The material is presented visually, the author uses a tabular format that facilitates the reader's perception of theoretical material. However, the author does not indicate the size of the sample obtained, which was used in the study, as well as the sources of its origin and the time period. The bibliography of the article contains 13 sources, including theoretical works in both Russian and English. We believe that these sources are quite sufficient for writing an article of this level. There were no technical errors in the design of the list of references. In general, it should be noted that the article is written in a simple, understandable language for the reader. Typos, spelling and syntactic errors, inaccuracies in the text of the work were not found. The comments made are not significant and do not affect the overall positive impression of the reviewed work. The practical significance of the research lies in the possibility of using its results in the process of teaching university courses on theoretical grammar and practice of the Russian language. The article will undoubtedly be useful to a wide range of people, philologists, undergraduates and graduate students of specialized universities. The article "Compatibility of verbal relativism " based on ": left and right components" can be recommended for publication in a scientific journal.
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